Zhukovskaya, T. N., Kalinina, E. A. “THE USEFULL CLASS OF CIVIL SERVANTS”: TO HISTORY OF FORMING RUSSIAN TEACHER-STUFF IN THE FIRST HALF OF XIX-th CENTURY (on the materials of Russian North). Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(8):65–74. DOI: 10.15393/uchz.art.2023.976


Russian history

“THE USEFULL CLASS OF CIVIL SERVANTS”: TO HISTORY OF FORMING RUSSIAN TEACHER-STUFF IN THE FIRST HALF OF XIX-th CENTURY (on the materials of Russian North)

Zhukovskaya
T. N. 		St.-Petersburg Institute of History RAS
Kalinina
E. A. 		Petrozavodsk State University
Keywords:
St. Petersburg educational district
history of education
teachers
history of the Russian North		 Summary: The history of the Russian school cannot be imagined without considering the position of the teacher as an integral element of the school system. Based on the materials of sources reflecting the regional projection of the educational reforms of Alexander I and Nicholas I as a long-term course, the most important condition for their effectiveness is considered, namely the quality of teacher training. On the basis of legislative and office documents, the legal, educational and social status of provincial teachers in the 1800s–1840s, their family and financial situation are traced. The authors analyze the public reputation of teachers, the peculiarities of everyday life and social mobility of this socio-professional group, as well as the social origins of the ethics of the teaching profession that was being formed at that time. The observations are based on the funds of the Ministry of Public Education, the Office of the trustee of the metropolitan Educational District, St. Petersburg University and Pedagogical Institute, as well as the little-studied funds of three provincial school directorates: Olonets, Arkhangelsk and Vologda. The results of school reforms of the first third of the XIX century are traced on the regional material, the most important of which was the formation of a system of schools and a staff of professional teachers operating in provincial and county towns. Their multiplicity, common origin and career paths, awareness of corporate unity and, moreover, the preservation and maintenance of ties with St. Petersburg testify to the important role of St. Petersburg University and Pedagogical Institute in the enlightenment of the region, performed by them both as administrative centers and indirectly – through their graduates as agents of influence. In the early 1850s, the number of professional teachers in the three provinces under consideration exceeded 300 people, not counting primary school teachers, which is comparable to the available data for other educational districts. This local community is representative for understanding the peculiarities of the legal and social status of a provincial teacher in pre-reform Russia. The management system of schools, as well as the personnel policy and conditions of the teaching service at that time were changing within the framework of the all-Russian model of education and social construction “from above”, therefore, the conclusions obtained from the regional material create an understanding of the stages and social results of the modernization project of the authorities as a whole.



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