Zverev, V. O. GERMAN SPYING AND FIGHT AGAINST IT IN THE GRAND PRINCIPALITY OF FINLAND (ACCORDING TO MILITARY COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE DOCUMENTS). Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2022;44(2):31–38. DOI: 10.15393/uchz.art.2022.729


Russian history

GERMAN SPYING AND FIGHT AGAINST IT IN THE GRAND PRINCIPALITY OF FINLAND (ACCORDING TO MILITARY COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE DOCUMENTS)

Zverev
V. O. 		Omsk Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia
Keywords:
Grand Duchy of Finland
German espionage
Swedish espionage
gendarme police
military counterintelligence		 Summary: Some aspects of the organization of German espionage in the Grand Duchy of Finland (1915–1916) are considered. The hypothesis about the insignificant role of the Swedish participation in the intelligence plans of Germany is substantiated. With the help of unpublished documents from Russian archives, the ideas about German-Swedish espionage that already exist in Finnish and Russian historiography are detailed. It is concluded that there were a number of grounds that hindered the effective struggle of the counterintelligence of the Northern Front against German agents in Finland. The most serious obstacles included: the forced reorganization of the Finnish police (its renewal due to radical national cadres), the lack of real intelligence capabilities of the counterintelligence of the 6th Army, the use of most secret officers of the counterintelligence department in the Finnish region for other purposes (to track revolutionary sentiments in the Baltic Fleet). The analysis of these factors made it possible to come to the conclusion that the military and political special services are unable to foresee and prevent the difficulties that have arisen in the fight against a more experienced and pragmatic enemy, to inflict an adequate counterstrike on him.



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